The old-fashioned definition of eugenics is:  "The investigation of human
eugenics, that is, of the conditions under which men of a high type are
produced." [Galton, "Human Faculty," 1883]  (yes, dictionary.com)

According to this definition, we need not ACT on anything, only investigate
to practice eugenics.  Investigation is where it starts.

I would say acting on these investigations (i.e. let's try producing a baby
and see what happens) is eugenics taken to extreme (as you imply in your
definition).

I would also say we need to be careful how and to what extent we
investigate, and we need to be careful when the results from experiments are
relayed to the public who won't know as much about science as scientists.
As you know, lay people can interpret things for their own use (such as
racists who use "gene" theory as justification for discrimination).

Finally, we need to make sure we aren't implicating entire groups of people
(like mothers, the sick, and the poor) when we produce these studies and
reports.

The "editorial we," of course....


Katherine Mercurio Gotthardt, ESOL Online Instructor

Prince William County Public Schools

Adult Education

P.O. Box 389

Manassas, VA 20108

work 703-791-8387

fax 703-791-8889



-----Original Message-----
From: povertyracewomen-bounces at nifl.gov
[mailto:povertyracewomen-bounces at nifl.gov]On Behalf Of Bennett, Ian
Sent: Wednesday, November 07, 2007 12:15 PM
To: The Poverty, Race,Women and Literacy Discussion List
Subject: [PovertyRaceWomen 1409] Re: The "Mother's Milk" of Literacy


One of the important points that was made by the investigators looking into
this mechanism for explaining the association between breastfeeding is that
this provides a plausible way to understand how biology and culture might
work together to influence complicated phenotypes like IQ. The gene itself
is involved with processing lipids found in breast milk which is needed for
brain development. The story is complicated and it may turn out that this
study is ultimately wrong but it is important to investigate how the
epidemiologic results might actually be influenced by biology. The presence
of a plausible biological mechanism raises the likelihood that there is more
to this association than just socioeconomic and cultural confounders.

Unless someone suggests that women without this gene should not have babies
were not in eugenics - just science.

I will continue to encourage women to breastfeed their children for a
variety of reasons. This is an interesting tidbit that may or may not turn
out to help explain variation in cognitive functioning.

Ian Bennett

________________________________

From: povertyracewomen-bounces at nifl.gov on behalf of Katherine G
Sent: Wed 11/7/2007 9:55 AM
To: The Poverty, Race,Women and Literacy Discussion List
Subject: [PovertyRaceWomen 1405] Re: The "Mother's Milk" of Literacy




1.  Mothers who breastfeed usually have more resources to do so.  So is it
the actual breastfeeding that raises IQ or the socioeconomics of
breastfeeding?

2.  Educated mothers generally get better educated because again, they have
the economic backing.  This of course translates into better advocacy for
children.

3.  What about educated mothers who are ill or can't breastfeed for physical
reasons?  Are we saying their babies have lower IQ's and/or it's the
mother's fault?

Sorry, but this discussion reads too much like eugenics to me.


Katherine Mercurio Gotthardt, ESOL Online Instructor

Prince William County Public Schools

Adult Education

P.O. Box 389

Manassas, VA 20108

work 703-791-8387

fax 703-791-8889





-----Original Message-----
From: povertyracewomen-bounces at nifl.gov
[mailto:povertyracewomen-bounces at nifl.gov]On Behalf Of tsticht at znet.com
Sent: Tuesday, November 06, 2007 9:37 PM
To: povertyracewomen at nifl.gov; familyliteracy at nifl.gov;
healthliteracy at nifl.gov; learningdisabilities at nifl.gov
Subject: [PovertyRaceWomen 1404] The "Mother's Milk" of Literacy


November 6, 2007

The "Mother's Milk" of Literacy:
How Breastfeeding May Improve Literacy

Tom Sticht
International Consultant in Adult Education

Research has long established strong, positive correlations among most IQ
tests and literacy (Gottfredson, 1997). This is based largely on the role
of reasoning, language, and knowledge common to both intelligence and
literacy tests.

Now recent research has revealed a relationship among breastfeeding and IQ
scores indicating that the average IQ scores of children whose mothers
possessed a particular gene, and who breastfed their children when they
were babies, was seven points higher than the children whose mothers also
had the special gene but did not breastfeed them when they were babies (BBC
News, 2007). Referring to the effects of IQ upon educational achievement,
according to the researchers, " Seven points difference is enough to put
the child in the top third of the class."

Given that a major factor in educational achievement is the acquisition and
development of literacy, and literacy and IQ are highly related, the new
research suggests that literacy itself may be affected by breastfeeding
amongst women who also possess the special gene. Genetic research indicates
that some 90 percent of women possess the special gene. For this reason,
Belinda Phipps, of the National Childbirth Trust in the United Kingdom,
said: "This shows for the majority of parents they can have a positive
effect on their babies IQ by breastfeeding."

Teach the Mothers and Reach The Children

The new research on genetics and breastfeeding of infants focuses attention
upon the importance of educating women. For many decades, nations have
emphasized the education and literacy development of boys and men. The
failure to focus resources on girls and women shows itself in the
international literacy statistics compiled by UNESCO. From 1980 to 1995,
the illiterate population of men fell from 327 to 318 million, while the
numbers of illiterate women grew from 551 to 565 million (Aksornkool,
2001).

However, research for UNESCO (Sticht & McDonald, 1990) illustrates the many
positive effects of girl's and women's education on children and their
educational development at various stages from before birth to the school
years:

Before Pregnancy
Better educated girls/women show higher economic productivity; better
personal health care; lower fertility rates; and hence they produce smaller
families. The latter, in turn, is related to the preschool cognitive
development of children and their subsequent achievement in school.

During Pregnancy and at Birth
Better educated women provide better pre-natal care; produce more full term
babies; provide better post-natal care and this results in babies with
fewer learning disabilities.

Before Going To School
Better educated women produce better children's health care; better
cognitive, language, and pre-literacy development; and better preparation
for schoolwork.

During The School Years
Better educated women produce higher participation rates in schooling;
better management of homework; better advocacy for children's education and
negotiation of school/child conflicts; and they produce children who achieve
higher levels of education and literacy.

All this, and the new evidence on genetics and breastfeeding of infants,
suggests that we should pay special attention to the need for resources to
provide literacy educational opportunities to the millions of less literate
women who will bring the next generation of children into the world. We
should remember that, when we teach the mothers, we reach the children!

Poorly educated children are the source of adult functional illiteracy, and
functionally illiterate adults are the source of poorly educated children.
Perhaps through education based on a Multiple Life Cycles policy (Sticht,
2006),  in which children are guaranteed their right to educated parents,
the vicious intergenerational cycles of functional illiteracy can be
stopped at their sources.

References

Aksornkool, N. (2001). Literacy: A key to Empowering Women Farmers. Paris:
United National Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization.

BBC NEWS (2007, November 6). Gene 'links breastfeeding to IQ': A single gene
influences whether breastfeeding improves a child's intelligence, say London
researchers.
Retrieved online on 11/06/07 at:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/health/7075511.stm

Gottfredson, L. S. (1997). Why g Matters: The Complexity of Everyday Life.
Intelligence, 24, 79-132.
Sticht, T. (2006). Toward a Multiple Life Cycles Education Policy: Investing
in the Education of Adults to Improve the Educability of Children. Retrieved
online 12/06/06 at
http://www.nald.ca/library/research/sticht/06dec/06dec.pdf

Sticht, T. & McDonald, B. (1990). Teach the Mother and Reach the Child:
Literacy Across Generations. Geneva: UNESCO International Bureau of
Education.

Thomas G. Sticht
International Consultant in Adult Education
2062 Valley View Blvd.
El Cajon, CA 92019-2059
Tel/fax: (619) 444-9133
Email: tsticht at aznet.net










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